Plant Cell

Energy Flow

Sunlight- main energy source for life on Earth.
-Some organisms rely on energy stored in inorganic chemical compounds (IE: mineral H₂O that flows underground).
Autotrophs- use energy from environment to fuel assembly of simple inorganic compounds into complex organic molecules. Include plants and bacteria, produce living tissue and make their own food, ergo they are also called producers.

Photosynthesis- using light energy to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and H₂O into O.
Chemosynthesis- when organisms use chemical energy, rather than sunlight, to produce carbohydrates (bacteria).
Heterophs- organisms that rely on other organisms for their food and energy supply (animals).
Consumers- another common name for heterophs.
-Herbivores- eat plants.
-Carnivores- eat animals.
-Omnivores (us)- eat plants and animals.
-Detritivores- eat dead matter.
Decomposers- break down organic matter (fungi and bacteria)

-Energy flows through ecosystem in one direction sun/inorganic compounds- autotrophs- heterotrophs.

Food chain- how energy is passed along through a series of steps, in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten.
Food web- links all food chains in an ecosystem together.
Trophic level- each step in a food chain or web 1^st- producer, 2^nd, 3^rd etc...-consumers.
Ecological pyramid- a diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter contained within a trophic level food chain/web.

-10% of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to the organisms at the next trophic level.
Biomass- total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level (grams of organic matter per unit area)

-Energy pyramid
-Biomass pyramid
-Pyramid of Numbers

Ecology

Ecology- scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment.
Biosphere- "largest of the houses" contains the combined portions of the planet in which all life exists (land, water, air, atmosphere).

-Ecologists ask questions about events and organisms that range from single individual- entire biosphere.
Species- group of organisms similar to one another. Can produce offspring.

Observing- asking questions.
Experimenting- testing hypotheses.
Modeling- models are made to gain insight into complex phenomena. Consist of data, equations, etc...

Planet Earth

100 years ago. 1.5 billion people on Earth
Today- 6 billion

Winter in Antarctica- (-70^o), penguins inhabit this place. Dark and cold. Polar bears emerge from "den" in spring.
-cubs take 1^st steps.
Rely on mothers milk. Mother must hunt seals for food.
1/2 of newborn cubs die during first year of life.

Every year- 3 million caribou migrate across arctic tundra
-hungry wolves hunt new born calves

Russian leopards- thick fur to help in cold.

Japan- cherry blossom of spring.
Some forests may be small, but are more than 50% of Earth's flower life.
-42 different bird species

Seals breed in summer
-great white shark- hunt seals

Deserts- 1/3 of lands surface.
In Africa- Elephants travel from desert in search for H₂0, buffalo as well.
-Heading for swamps
Arrival:
Hyenas hunt,
-birds
-buffalo

Atomic Theory

Sub Atomic Particles
-protons (+) 1 atomic mass unit (AMU) , neutrons (0) 1 AMU, electrons (-) 0 AMU
-atoms
-molecules
-macro-molecules
-organelles
-cells
-tissues (cells of similar structure or function)
-organs
-organ systems
-organism
-population (species within a certain defined area)
-community
-ecosystems
-biomes
-biosphere

If no electrons move, no electricity.
Number of electrons matches number of protons.
-electrons orbit in energy levels
-1^st electron shell can hold up to 2
-2^nd shell 8
-3^rd shell 8

theory- an explanation based on a set of hypotheses that have been tested and confirmed many times.

Science Study Guide

 

Photosynthesis Study Guide